The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 Essay

The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 - Essay Example This traditional approach can be seen in the case of Serbian Loans3 any contract that is not a contract between states in their capacity as subjects of international law is based on the municipal [domestic] law of some country The rules thereof may be common to several states and may even be established by international conventions or customs, and in the latter case may possess the character of true international law governing relations between states.4 Therefore when it comes to investment contracts between states then it will have elements of adhering to the contractual word of the agreement; as well as the duty of care that the obligations are met as in public international contractual agreements. There has been a suggestion that cases that are on a private international matter allows the domestic court that makes the decision have an extraterritorial effect in imposing the obligation across borders, i.e. applying the higher standard of obligation and care that public internationa l law holds.5 On the other hand, the case of Holmes v Bangladesh Biman6 argued that foreign jurisdictions have no legitimate reason for subjecting their civil law on foreigners in their own country. Therefore these two cases make it difficult for correctly pursuing fraud, negligence or any circumstance that leads to an action when it is a case of foreign investment, i.e. where would you make the action and could you legally serve and enforce the action papers in foreign jurisdiction. However, it seems that the Libyan Bank Case was ahead of its time although it did surround a time of terrorism that was strikingly the same as the 9-11 attacks, such as the Lockerbie case. Therefore business law is under an obligation at state and at international levels to protect security, by imposing a duty for businesses to disclose any actions that would indicate terrorism, organized crime or threaten national and international security. Yet, as the following case study will illustrate that freezing assets is a common approach and duty of the bank that is mainly prevalent in Post 9-11, which the Libyan Bank Case failed to do.7 On 2 September, High Court of Justice in London rules in favor of Libya, orders Bankers Trust London to transfer to Libyan Arab Foreign Bank $131 million, plus accrued interest, that has been blocked by US assets freeze. US Treasury authorizes payment on 9 October. 2) In the era of terrorism and protection of the security of states, this means that financial institutions and international businesses are embarking on a different era of state co-operation. Companies are faced with being diligent in ensuring that they are free from fear of money laundering investigations. On of the strictest guidelines can be seen in the EU, therefore Barclays Bank Plc the fourth largest bank in the world ensures that their regulations are strict as their mother state is the UK. It has been realized that one of best methods to stop organized crime is through stricter policing of finances. The EU has become a lot stricter in this area, especially in respect to opening bank accounts and the ID required

Strategy and Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Strategy and Human Resource Management Essay 1. What is the difference between Corporate Strategy (or strategy formulation) and Business Unit Strategy (Strategy Implementation)? The strategy formulation is about making choices, decisions and plans for the organization. Strategy Implementation is about the ways and means to achieve those plans, decisions and choices. How to execute the strategy decisions or plans. Strategy formulation comes before strategy implementation. Strategy formulation talks about business strategy which determine how should the organization compete with others, and corporate strategy which determines where should the organization compete with others. Global strategy which determines where and how should the organization compete with others around the world. Strategy implementation talks about organizational design which determines how should the organization organized and put the formulated strategy into practice, and corporate governance, business ethics, and strategic leadership which determines what type of strategic leadership and corporate governance does the organization need and how to anchor the decision in business ethics. 2.Why is that distinction important for a firm that operates in different product markets? These distinctions can help the firm gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. In every competitive situation the winners are always those firms with better strategy. â€Å"A firm that formulates and implements a strategy that leads to superior performance relative to other competitors in the same industry or the industry average has a competitive advantage.†(Chapter 1 Strategic management) and these advantage could lead firm to success in their business. 3. What role does (or should) HR play in Strategy Formulation? HR people play in a role that clarify future management performance expectations and figure out the methods to achieve the expectations. Furthermore, HR people should help the organization to make right decisions and determine business  missions, plans and resources. Finally, ensure the objectives and action plans fit the business strategy. 4. What role does (or should) HR play in Business Unit Strategy? HR people should play in a role that help the organization to develop the means and methods to achieve the organizational change, developing employment relations, cultural learning, and ensure the execution of strategy. Ultimately, HR helps the organization to increase their ability in business action and changing and finally achieve the goal of gaining and sustaining competitive advantages.

Essay --

The Industrial revolution took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a time when America switched from a rural society into an urban society. This was a drastic change in many peoples lifestyle. People moved from their farm homelands into cities. The reason for this was because there were many more job opportunities and availability for a better life. Many new inventions were discovered during the Industrial Revolution but it was a dangerous and harmful time with extremely bad working conditions, especially for women and children but helped improve the way the world is today. One fixation in the Industrial Revolution was the waterpower steam engine. The steam engine was one of the most important technologies during the Industrial Revolution. A man named Hero was the first to devise the steam engine. After Hero devised the steam engine many people experimented with steam-powered devices. In 1712 Thomas Newcomens finally developed the first successful engine. Although it was successful it still had many faults. In 1785 James Watt improved the steam engine based off of what Newcomens had built. In order to power the engines you needed coal. Steam engines became a very important source of power all the way to the 20th century. During the Industrial Revolution, steam power replaced waterpower and muscle power, which usually came from horses. Waterpower was used as a primary source of power in industries. It allowed factories to locate where waterpower was not available. In the beginning it was used to pump water from mines but later on got many more important uses, by using steam engines factories didn’t have to be located close to a water resource, they were able to be located anywhere. Steam engines made a very big impact... ...e limited to working 48 hours a week. There were laws passed to maximum the amount of hours women and children were able to work per day they were called Factory Act of 1844 and Factory Act of 1847. The Act of 1844 stated that women could work a maximum of twelve hours a day. The Factory Act of 1847 stated that women and children could work a maximum of ten hours a day. Three years later they reduced the amount of hours that women could work because twelve hours a day were too many. The Factory Act of 1850 upped the amount of hours women and children could work. They could work upto ten and a half hours, but they are not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm. The Factory Act of 1850 was an act that stated that no one is allowed to work for more then 56 Â ½ hours per week. The Factory Acts was the first step to help improve working conditions and hours tremendously.

Mini Project in Marketing Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This includes the company profile and its products. This also consists the target market and the segment. The company has identified the need of the soft drinks especially for the children. So the company wants to introduce the new product into the market for children but the company does not wants to confine to the children so the drink will also be used by the all age groups. The product is manufactured under Prathik & Pavan Pvt Ltd shortly known as p&p ltd. which is under the group of â€Å"SUPREME BREWERIES†. The product names include the REFRESCO, Snapple, LITE and SMOOTHY. These products include aerated and non aerated drinks both for the children and also for the all groups. For these products the target market include the mainly children and also the all age groups. The income levels of the target market may not affect the buying and demand. Vision: Growth for leadership which states growth with quality and customer attention and profit. Vision statement shows the following Customer attention Profit motive with morals Leadership in the market Mission: provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our stake holders. We strive for integrity and honesty. Achieving best distribution by which product can reach to the consumers as early as possible. Goals: The primary objective of the company is to serve the needs and wants of the consumers. To improve and enhance the satisfaction levels of the consumers. To supply and provide the company’s product in every corner of the target market. Objectives: The primary objective of the company is to have a leadership position in the market. To make the product as generic so that the consumers will demand the product for every visit to the retailer by next 3 years. To achieve the 500000 units to sell per annum by next 4 years. Increasing the business to all over the markets in south India by next ten years. CORE PRODUCT: The core product in our product is the drink which we are offering. ACTUAL PRODUCT: The actual product is in the soft drink is the bottle size and the shape of the bottle. Actual product constitutes the no caffeine which causes the health related problems. Actual product will consist of the various variants and flavors’ which include aerated and non aerated drinks. AGUMENTED PRODUCT: The augmented product is the packaging and the distribution net work. And consumer can consume half the drink and he can store the remaining drink and can consume at later stages with taste remain same as at the time of sealed pack. Augmented product of the soft drink also consists of the other offers which include the tours and trips. This also includes the lunch and dinner with the brand ambassadors of the company. TARGET MARKET: The target market for soft drink is the children and the age group existing above 8 years also but the main target remains children. The children who having the age above 8 years they can consume. We are focusing only on Hyderabad market and the product can affordable by the middle class and lower middle class. Position statement: The company wants to serve the consumers with best quality drinks which will not have any impacts on the consumers. â€Å"Serve the quality, be the best.† This statement ensures the customers that the company serves the best quality of the products. This photo shows that the product ensures the coolness. MARKET ANALYSIS: As the company mainly targets the Hyderabad market. And targeting the mass market here the company targets all the segment children’s and their parents. Our main target is children’s but we are also targeting their parents because they are the initiators in the case of children’s the parents are the decision makers so we are targeting them. The children’s constitute our overall market. As there is no soft drink specially catering to the children this helps the company to sustain in the market with the substantial market share in the local players. This USP helps to attract the consumers towards the soft drink. Factors affecting the Consumer behavior in buying: There are various factors that involve in the buying of the soft drinks which include Cultural factors: With the increase of the literacy and awareness in the present days there are no cultural factors. However there are some situations where there are behavior pattern changes due to some cultural factors like festivals Social factors: These factors involve consumer’s family, small groups and status. The number of children decides the buying of the product. For example if the children are more than the elders in the family then the decision lies in concerns with the children. The buying of the soft drink cans depends on the status and there lifestyle. DEMOGRAPHIC: The soft drink is mainly targeting towards the children’s Age: Children (Above the 8 years) Young Adults (18-24 years) Age group of 25 and above GENDER: Both male and female GEOGRAPHIC: Hyderabad market PSYCHOGRAPHIC: The life style of the parents and their purchasing behavior. The life style of the parents plays a major role since the purchasing decision ultimately lies with them. BEHAVIORAL SEGMANTATION: In behavioral segmentation the company mainly focused on the parents who are all the health conscious of their children. The company focuses on the children who are attractive towards the soft drinks and the consumers. MARKET SIZE: Currently the population of the Hyderabad is 6,809,970. Since the soft drink is the product for all the consumers irrespective of income, age and sex. The market size is huge with respective of population. Here in the case of soft drink we can’t say exact potential customers because this is a generic product and it can be affordable by everyone irrespective of income levels and age and sex. Unmet needs by the competitors: No company had the drink that caters specially to the children and also the mass consumers as well. The company wants to the address this issue which can satisfy the children in a healthy way. The company’s product is also targeted to the mass consumers. The product which mainly concentrates on the children soft drink will consumers to think about the product. This makes product as brand and and places the product position in a satisfactory rank. PESTL ANALYSIS: P-POLITICAL ANALYSIS: In Hyderabad the political effect will be on the business. The allocation of the funds from the government and the taxation on the business will affect the business. The change in the political party will have the change in the policies, and the regulations. The change in policies like restrictions in the product ingredients. The political issues will affect the distribution of the product, manufacturing the product and other issues related to the local and regional parties. E- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: The GDP of the country plays a major role on particular business with in the country. The recession will affect the business like people lost their jobs and the purchasing comes down. S-SOCIO CULTURAL ANALAYSIS: Now-a-days the lifestyle and attitudes are changing. The people are becoming more health conscious about their children’s health. Because the other soft drink payers are making the product with the ingredients that will affect the children’s health. T-TECHNICAL ANALYSIS: Now a day the people are more aware about the technology. The company is having high end machinery to produce the products. And the company having the technology which is recycles the used bottles. And the company uses the technology in the promotions. L-LEGAL ANALYSIS: The company has to follow the guidelines of the government. The plant has to set up in outside the city the plant has to be not creating any problem to that area. While determining the working hours and wages the company has to follow the government rules. IDENTIFYING THE WANTS AND NEEDS YOUR PRODUCT SERVES: The company is launching a soft drink especially for children’s and also serves the need of the other age groups irrespective of the income and sex. The company is offering this product at a affordable price and it also offering three different flavors. And the product is available to everyone within the city. The company is tie up with the restaurants and bakeries and malls to sell the product. The company is maintaining the quality in the product and along with that price. The soft drink it quenches the thrust of the children it doesn’t crest any other side effects like obesity etc. our product contains less amount of caffeine when compare to other soft drink manufacturers. The caffeine is not harmful for adults but it creates the side effects for childrens. COMPETETOR ASSESSMENT: The company is competing in the food and beverages industry. Soft drinks come under oligopoly market where the market has only limited companies. The industry in India is being estimated to grow at 15% – 17% this year, according to experts. â€Å"Food and beverages segment has not suffered despite the slowdown in the economy. Initially the growth rate is very low in food and beverages because the awareness about the soft drinks is less and the distribution net work is not well. And the prices are high at initially and later the prices are decreased. Growth rate: The soft drink industry is expected to post a 14% growth in value terms in ’03, partly because of increased consumption due to price cuts by soft drink companies at an average of 15% across all brands. The price decrease is mainly because of the competition and also to increase the competition. The price cuts are aimed at increasing the consumer base for soft drinks. Market share of different players in soft drink segment: PORTERS FIVE FORCE MODEL: Threats of new entry Substitutes Revelry between the firms Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers 5 FORCE MODEL of the company includes Treats of new entry: The treat on new entrants is low in the market since the initial investment or capital that is required for the entrants is high. The profits and profit margins in the soft drinks market is high. The business is very profitable. Hence the big players or other companies may enter into the market. Substitutes: Present market has very high treat of the substitutes as a business. This is because of the people perception that the drinks may cause the health issues. With the introduction of this new product may address this types of the issues and can sustain in the market. Bargaining power of suppliers: Since the firm is entering into the market with new brand and product there will be a less power with the company to talk with the suppliers for the credit and supplies. Hence the bargaining power of the supplier will be very high where the firm has less power with it. Bargaining power of buyers: Initially when the company launches its product into the market there will be less with the company. The customers who include individual customers, wholesalers, retailers etc will expect the discounts and can bargain for the low price. Treat of rivalry: Presently market consists of very high rivalry even though there are limited players. There is a every chance of attacks from very large and even local players. DIRECT AND INDIRECT COMPETITORS: The competitors of the company are divided into direct, indirect and also the substitutes which can eat the company’s profit one or other way. The direct competitors of the company’s products. Below are the aerated drinks COKE PEPSI THUMBS UP The direct competitors of the non-aerated competitors are MAAZA FROOTI SLICE The indirect competitors of the company are SODA HUBS JUICES OTHER DRINKS The substitutes of the company’s product are COCONUT WATER BUTTER MILK Competitive advantages: Even the company enters into the market where there are big players it has its own competitive advantages. The company having its presence in only HYDERABAD it can look and concentrate on its local markets. The company can have a direct relation with the retailers and wholesalers. Company can directly interact with the local consumers .It is easy to the company to address the issues regarding the product and its distribution. Since the consumers are confined to the local area of HYDERABAD it is easy for the company to forecast the demand and can supply accordingly. When it comes to distribution it will be easy for the company to have easy access since it is local which is known. Competitive disadvantages: The company could struggle in raising the capital for investment and maintaining reserves. The consumer’s acceptance may not be satisfactory since there are big players in the market. The capital that is available with the company is less and the no experience can be some restrictions to the company to operate and do business. There can be threat of attacks from the other competitors which can be direct and indirect. MARKETING STRATEGY The company marketing objective is to be the leader in terms of sales and in terms of revenue and market share. Attracting the customer by maintaining the quality and the price. The company uses the marketing strategy to differentiate the product from its competitors. That will help to the company to gain competitive advantage. Market strategy involves the following: Market scope: As the company focuses the many segments like aerated and nonaerated drinks therefore it is the multimarket segment. Geographic market strategy: Initially the firm focuses mainly in the HYDERABAD market which is considered as the local markets. Marketing entry strategy: The segment is in the stage of maturity. Therefore entry into the market is considered as the INITIATOR since there is no soft drink which is focused specially on the children and can be catered to the all age groups. To survive in the market the company needs to follow certain marketing strategies. PROMOTION: The promotion for the product will be happen with the set of advertisings which include the cartoons to attract the children and an the film stars to grab the attention of the adults and also the set of add which consists of previous generation actors who can take attention of the elders. The soft drink is mainly targeting the children’s so the company creating a add campaign which includes mainly canton. This attracts the children towards the product. As the product is also for the adults and the elders, the advertising will concern with the film stars and other set of attractive ads. The ads will be aired in the all local channels who has a substantial TRP ratings. There will also be set of ads which will be played in the local radio channels and FM stations. There will also be a certain campaigns and designs which will be selective towards the magazines and news papers which can attract the consumers. There will also be hoardings and wall hangings representing the company’s product. There will also be pamphlet campaigns. Company also can go for road shows and shows in malls and multi-plexes which brings the more awareness of the product to the customers. Trade schemes which are benefits to traders and consumers schemes like discounts, offers etc, which benefits to individual consumers. Company can also use these as the promotion schemes which encourage the customers to buy. ELOBRATION OF 4P’S: The 4P’s are 1) Product 2) Price 3) Place 4) Promotion PRODUCT: The product is soft drink. It quenches the thrust of the children’s and it doesn’t creating any side effect to the children’s. And it gives the energy to the children’s. The product is also to the all age groups but the main focus is on the children. The product name is refrsco and the product is manufactured P&P PVT LTD and marketed by the SUPREME BEVERAGES. CORE PRODUCT: soft drink. ACTUAL PRODUCT: bottle size and shape and design. AGUMENTED PRODUCT: monetary and non monetary benefits that a consumer along with the product. PRICE: The price of the product will be determine by based on the fixed cost and the variable cost like manufacturing cost and the transportation cost all costs will be consider while determining the price. The pricing will be done based on the competitor’s price. The prices will vary based on the quantity of the drink. PLACE: The company having a good distribution network and the product will be available in all the places of Hyderabad. The company having both indirect distribution and incentive distribution net work. In direct distribution the company doesn’t sell the product to customer. And in incentive distribution the company having its own outlets which are small in size and those are placed in near to the parks and play grounds and schools. The company tries pushing the product to the distributor or supplier by giving the trade schemes. And the company tries pulling the product by the customers by providing the consumer schemes. The company having collaboration with restaurants and cinema halls and retail stores and shopping malls to make availability of the product. And the company also putting the vending machines in railway stations and in fuel filling stations. PROMOTION: The company following the different type of promotional activities. Making the ads with cartoons and in a different way to understand the children’s easily. The company mainly promoting the product through the television and through printed media likes pamphlets and news paper and hoardings and lollipops etc. The company creating the awareness programs about the product. And company having a tie up with A.P.S.R.T.C to promote the product. Now – a days all the city busses having TV’s in the busses so the promotion through these buses will create unique difference from the competitors. In Hyderabad Most of the people will travel in city busses this will help the company to gain the market share. The company promoting the products through websites also and through tele calling and through the trade fairs and through direct marketing. For the suppliers the company promoting the product by giving the discounts and creating other offers like foreign trip like etc. For the consumer the company promoting the product by giving discount on the product or giving some percentage of soft drink extra with the same price. And another offer like meeting our brand ambassador and giving movie tickets etc. Budget and forecast Sales forecast: Initially there is a need to adopt the push strategy where the product is pushed by the traders to the consumers to buy. This can be done only when there is only the awareness about the product. Initially when the product is launched into the market the sales that is estimated is nearly 60000 to 75000 units as per the local sales of other businesses. The company expects to be the growth of the nearly 12% to 18% for the first 3 months of its presence with the intense and dedicated advertising and promotion. Therefore the sales would be 75000 to 90000 units. After the great campaigns and attractive products of the company the sales may increase up to the 30% which is nearly 100000 to 120000 units. The company forecast its sales as nearly 1200000 units per annum where the company also expects to grow with the rate of 17-20% which can bring the sales up to 135000 units per annum on an average. Profit and margin estimation: The firm expects the limited or low profit margin initially since there will be trade and consumer schemes which will reduce the company’s profit. The company expects to get the substantial profits from 6 th or 7th months of the first year when the product is being launched. The company estimates to have a profit margin of 20-25% of profit margin on each unit irrespective of bottle size which is low when compared to other players in the market. The above profit margin will be confined to the first 4 or 5 months of launch of product. When the company grows for the 5 months the profit margins will also increases with the increase in the demand. Then the company expects to have a profit margin of the 35-40% on each bottle. Strategies for following: Advertising: Advertising includes campaigns and television ads and radio promotions. These are the major expense in advertising the company’s products and create the awareness. This would incur the cost of nearly 50 to 55 lakhs per annum. And another 5lakhs per annum will be required for the company for other programs which include shows in malls, road shows and other promotions. The hoardings and lollipops will incur the 10-12 lakhs p.a Therefore the company would like to invest nearly 25lakhs for advertising. Direct marketing: Direct marketing involves communication about the product to the customers directly through emails, mobiles online display ads, catalogue distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising. The above activities will also incur certain amount of the investment which will be nearly 2 lakhs. Internet marketing: Internet marketing is the powerful tool to promote the brand in the market with less cost and investment. This involves the creation of the website and links which can provide the information about the product and the company. This would involve 5 lakhs per annum. Consumer promotion: The consumer is attracted to the product only when there are offers on the product when it is launched. This involves giving the free samples, discount offers and other benefits. This also involves the cost of nearly 8 lakhs where the company may not get it immediately. Trade promotions: The trade promotion involves giving benefits to the traders who promote and sell the company’s products. Giving benefits to the traders helps the company more .The company expects to incur 12 lacks. Public relation: This includes maintaining relation with the customers as well as with the society. This involves the healthy practices in the business. IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL PLAN The company is following the line structure sales force structure because in this the employee doesn’t get orders from other departments they get the orders from their sub ordinates only. This is helpful to the company in terms of reducing the attrition rate. With this structure the employees will satisfy The company is in Hyderabad it has four zone each zone requires four sales executive and one sales manager. The sales executives will go to the market and interact with the shops persons and with the distributors. And the sales manager monitors the sales and maintains the relationship with the distributors and retailers. Based on this the company requires 4 persons for zone sales manager and 16 persons for sales executives and one senior manager for all these zones he will be the head. The executive will report to the zonal manager and the zonal manager will report to the senior sales manager. The company requires the six persons for customer service and for indirect marketing. The HR department is in the company which helps the sales teams by giving training how to interact with the customer how to solve the objections raised by the customer. The HR department always gives the training to sales people and upgrade s them to the current scenario. And the indirect marketing team will support the sales team by giving the leads.

Sex’ vs ‘Sexuality

Assembling an Understanding of ‘Sex’ Verses ‘Sexuality’ â€Å"Biologists and psychologists who have accepted the doctrine that the only natural function of sex is reproduction have simply ignored the existence of sexual activity which is not reproductive† Alfred Kinsey (The Invention of Sexuality 40) The terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ have not always had a clear differentiation, but as the study of sexuality (sexology) has continued and become more commonly studied and recognized, these terms have adapted their own definitions.However, each does not have a perfect definition, because people will have their own opinions regarding the terms. The above quote by a historian of sex was interesting to me because it brings up the aspect of biology within the understanding of the terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’. My personal idea, or understanding, is that ‘sex’ constitutes the more biological side†” ones physical features, gender, reproduction (‘sex’ is also the abbreviation for sexual intercourse); and the term ‘sexuality’ makes up everything else that surrounds an individual’s definition of their sexual identity, orientation, and feelings.When reading articles online, I came across this quote: â€Å"sexuality is about who or what you are attracted to, not where you put your dick† (bitheway), which I found to be a very blunt but interesting way to think about what constitutes ‘sexuality’. â€Å"Where you put your †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is your personal preference, but that preference is a compilation of the aspects of one’s personal world and how they have come to define and understand their individual inclination. All of the parts that are compiled in order to form ones individual definition are aspects of ‘sexuality’ within our culture.Another page online gives definitions for ‘sex’ and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsexuality’ that I have found to be the most clear and complete: Sex refers to whether or not a person is male or female, whether a person has a penis or vagina. Sexuality refers to the total expression of who you are as a human being, your femaleness or your maleness†¦ Your sexuality is an interplay between body image, gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation, eroticism, genitals, intimacy, relationships, and love and affection†¦ includes his or her attitudes, values, knowledge and behaviors.How people express their sexuality is influenced by their families, culture, society, faith and beliefs. (Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences) The influence from all aspects of our lives that guide us to define our sexuality is a major component in sexology. The italicized words in the definition above are some I think are very significant in understanding what constitutes ‘sexuality’.Since the study of sex started to dramatically change, there has been more understanding within so many topics of sexuality, such as gender (roles and variance), marriage and the family, homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality, intersex, trans-gender/sex/vestite, evolution of sexual identities, legal and medical regulation, religious roles/codes, phallocentricism, women’s bodies and health, illegitimacy, â€Å"and the importance of social networks and oppositional sexualities† (The Invention of Sexuality 39).This is only the first week that I have studied sexuality and culture in an educational environment, and after enjoying many sources of new material I have begun to compile my own understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’, which is just the beginning of my learning on the subject. One of the most important aspects to take away from these introductory lessons is how grand of a role society and culture have on sexuality.It is so important to be aware of and take into account culture’s influen ce on sexuality now and within the history of sex. In our US society (and this is a generalization) some vital influences are class, race/ethnicity, gender, age, family history and how one was raised, physical ability, religion and region. Now that I have collected a better understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ as educational terms, I can further my knowledge of everything that makes up sexuality within cultures around the world.Bitheway. Sex Verses Sexuality. Bi The Way: An exploration of Male Bisexuality. 6 May 2008. http://www. bitheway. co. uk/2008/05/06/sex-versus-sexuality/. Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences (Learning Activity). RECAPP 2007-2009. http://www. etr. org/recapp/index. cfm? fuseaction=pages. LearningActivitiesDeta il&PageID=167 The Invention of Sexuality. Sexual Lives: A Reader on the Theories and Realities of Human Sexualities. McGraw-Hill, 2003.

Building a Marketing Budget How much is too much or too little

Building a Marketing Budget How much is too much or too little Often, I’m asked The reason behind the research is two-fold. One, it allows you to know the cost needed to reach your intended audience. Two, should you need to cut your budget, you can make an informed decision. One marketing piece every writer should have is a website. It’s a must! Aside from a website and the costs for keeping it reliably hosted, you may also want to consider researching the costs for the following: Advertisement placement (print, digital, or both) Advertisement creation Listing in BookBub, if book is free or discounted. Contest prizes for readers Author photos Travel Book Trailers Book release parties Freelance publicity (publicist) services Virtual assistant fees Promotional items (bookmarks, pens, giveaways, et al) Social Media (boosting posts, sponsored tweets, advertising) Fan club/ Street team rewards and supplies Mailing/Shipping A rule of thumb when building a budget is to research all of the costs for the above items you intend to use. Add them together. Then add an additional 20 percent to the total. The added percentage will allow for and offset unexpected expenditures. Researching any and all free places to promote is to your advantage and can help you defer money to other line items in your marketing budget. Some ideas for free promotion are: Create a hashtag on Twitter for your book Upload a chapter of your book to Wattpad Encourage friends, fans and readers to post reviews online Leave your book name/website address on all voicemail and email messages Offer to   meet with book clubs via Skype Solicit radio show interviews Create and submit press releases to local newspapers Celebrate your release with a Facebook party (ask fellow authors to join in) Submit articles to writers’ associations Submit for a listing on addictedtoebooks.com If this book is currently available for free, submit the book to be featured on Free Book Friday and/ or fill out the submission form for a free listing on Digital Book Today. No matter which promotional efforts you choose to promote your book, try to focus on discoverability rather than sales. When readers discover you, read your work and like it, they are more apt to tell their friends there

Pushkins essays

Pushkin's essays Pushkins short story, The Shot, has an emphasis on the duel as it was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and on the delicate balance of life and death that is brought into existence when a duel is begun. The narrator is not the protagonist, but rather a sort-of nondescript soldier; and while the story is written from his point of view, he does not play a very large role. The central figure of the plot is a grizzled retired hussar named Silvio. The narrator takes a singular interest in this mysterious figure that resides near his companys base of operations, but his interest disappears when Silvio is insulted by a drunken aggressor but fails to punish the insult with death. Shortly thereafter, Silvio receives a letter and announces to the officers that he has to leave immediately, but heinvites them all to dinner at his house one last time. After the rest of the officers have returned home, Silvio takes the narrator aside. Apparently disturbed by the narrators distant behavior, he tells the story of his past. As a hussar, Silvio was a great duelist and a favorite among his peers. When his popularity fell as a result of the arrival of a new soldier who is more handsome and witty than Silvio, he insulted him with the goal of inciting a duel. When it is Silvios turn to shoot, he is disheartened by his enemys casual behavior and nonchalance in the face of death. He calls the duel off until later. The letter Silvio received had told him that his enemy was being married to a beautiful young woman, and Silvio decides that now is the time to finish his duel, and travels off to find the newlyweds. Five years later, A rich count and his beautiful young wife move into the narrators neighborhood. It turns out that this is Silvios mortal enemy, and that he found them and made as if to finish the duel, but seeing the wifes fear and the husbands terror, he left satisfie...

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk About 2700-2640 B.C.E., the Chinese began making silk. According to Chinese tradition, the part-legendary emperor, Huang Di (alternately Wu-di or Huang Ti) invented the methods of raising silkworms and spinning silk thread. Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor, is also credited as the founder of the Chinese nation, creator of humanity, founder of religious Taoism, creator of writing, and inventor of the compass and the pottery wheel all foundations of culture in ancient China. The same tradition credits not Huang Di, but his wife Si Ling-Chi (also known as Xilingshi or Lei-tzu), with discovering silk-making itself, and also the weaving of silk thread into fabric. One legend claims that Xilingshi was in her garden when she picked some cocoons from a mulberry tree and accidentally dropped one into her hot tea. When she pulled it out, she found it unwound into one long filament. Then her husband built on this discovery, and developed methods for domesticating the silkworm and producing silk thread from the filaments processes that the Chinese were able to keep secret from the rest of the world for more than 2,000 years, creating a monopoly on silk fabric production. This monopoly led to a lucrative trade in silk fabric. The Silk Road is so named because it was the trading route from China to Rome, where silk cloth was one of the key trade items. Breaking the Silk Monopoly But another woman helped to break the silk monopoly. About 400 C.E., another Chinese princess, on her way to be married to a prince in India, is said to have smuggled some mulberry seeds and silkworm eggs in her headdress, allowing silk production in her new homeland. She wanted, the legend says, to have silk fabric easily available in her new land. It was then only a few more centuries until the secrets had been revealed to Byzantium, and in another century, silk production began in France, Spain, and Italy. In another legend, told by Procopius, monks smuggled Chinese silkworms to the Roman Empire. This broke the Chinese monopoly on silk production. Lady of the Silkworm For her discovery of the silk-making process, the earlier empress is known as  Xilingshi or  Si Ling-chi, or Lady of the Silkworm, and is often identified as a goddess of silk-making. The Facts The silkworm is a native to northern China.  It is the larva, or caterpillar, stage of a fuzzy moth (Bombyx). These caterpillars feed on mulberry leaves.  In spinning a cocoon to encase itself for its transformation, the silkworm exudes a thread from its mouth and winds this around its body.  Some of these cocoons are preserved by the silk growers to produce new eggs and new larva and thus more cocoons.  Most are boiled.  The process of boiling loosens the thread and kills the silkworm/moth.  The silk farmer unwinds the thread, often in a single very long piece of about 300 to about 800 meters or yards, and winds it onto a spool.  Then the silk thread is woven into a fabric, a warm and soft cloth.  The cloth takes dyes of many colors including bright hues.  The cloth is often woven with two or more threads twisted together for elasticity and strength. Archaeologists suggest that the Chinese were making silk cloth in the Longshan period, 3500 -  2000 BCE.

PepsiCo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PepsiCo - Case Study Example Amidst these discussions, the paper will aim at answer several questions related to the company’s survival during global economic slowdown, its balance food portfolio, workplace culture and diversity and commitment of company towards environmental sustainability. It was ascertained that PepsiCo is the largest manufacturer and distributor of food and beverage in the United States and from its traditional business of soft drinks, the company has adopted a multi segment approach over the years. The present offerings of the company can be segmented in terms of variety of snacks, sports drink, juice, bottled water and cereals. The soft drink segment of the company includes Starbucks ready-to-drink beverages, Mountain dew, Sierra Mist, Sobe, Pepsi-Cola, 7UP, diet Pepsi and Lipton iced tea. The juice segment of PepsiCo comprises brands such as Naked Juice and Tropicana. The snack segment of the company includes brands such as Lays, Cheetos and Tostitos (PepsiCo, 2014a). The complete set of global brands of PepsiCo can be classified in three categories, namely, fun-for-you, good-for-you and better-for-you brands. Fun-for-you brands include basic savory products such as chips and cold drinks. Good-for-you brands are focused on delivering healthy choices that include vegetables, dairy products and fruits. Lastly, Better-for-you brands offer mostly low calorie food products that have low sugar and fat content (YouTube, 2011a; PepsiCo, 2014a; 2014b). PepsiCo is a global company and it can be naturally assumed that the company is susceptible to various social, economic and geo-political issues. Social factors comprise lifestyle and cultural aspects of consumers. PepsiCo is well-aware of its consumers’ preference which is significantly influenced by their lifestyle. Consequently, PepsiCo classified its products in three unique

Business Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Management Report - Essay Example However, at the conclusion part, the report summarizes the approaches adopted to assess and manage performance, as well as the summary of performance management, in general. Performance management concept is a recent development that adopts a future-oriented strategy that is focused and is applied to all workers with an aim of maximizing their usual level of performance and future potentiality. This increasing focus on the level of performance at all levels in a company arose from the globalization pressures. There is an urgent need, of creating competitive advantage, is for survival in the marketplace internationally (Elias and Scarbrough, 2004). Talents, abilities, competencies, human capital, the value-creating skills, and competencies, of a companys employees, are argued to be a significant component in forming such competitive advantage (Mayo, 2001). Management of performance is noted to be the main role in human capital development (Tahvanainen, 2000). In addition, performance management is a continuous cycle to assess and manage the development of skills and tasks of all workers so that the organization can achieve its goals. In this section, it has been divided into three major parts and subsections on it. The major sections include an overview of the management cycle, review of different approaches to performance management and analysis of the problems associated with assessing and managing performances. Human resources problems that are commonly experienced by employers include establishing productivity, recruitment, employees, carrying out and prevent discrimination. However, the report covered performance management in organizations. This section is divided into three sections. They are an overview of the performance management cycle, a review of the different approaches to performance management and analysis of the problems associated with assessing and managing performance. In addition, there are

Merger Of Mittal And Arcelor Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Merger Of Mittal And Arcelor Steel - Essay Example Having reached the number one position in steel manufacturing and assessing the need to consolidate and to take advantage of the economies of scale, in January 2006, Lakshmi Nivas Mittal of Mittal Steel Netherlands took a historical decision to make an attempt to acquire the next biggest steel company Arcelor S.A. Having gone through the basics idea about the world steel industry and the rationale behind the Mittal Steel's decision to acquire the next ranking Arcelor S.A, this paper attempts to bring out an analytical review of the whole scheme of merger with respect to the effect of the merger from the point of view of the investors, the appreciation in their holdings, reasoning behind the merger from the point of view of Mittal Steel as well as Arcelor S.A. The paper also studies the role played by Severstal, the Russian Steel major in the merger deal. With the advent of globalization the large companies have broken their geographical barriers and this has resulted in the cross border mergers and acquisitions of bigger companies. Especially in Europe the purchases by way of takeovers of companies had been at $ 418 billion whereas it was only $ 211 billion for the American companies in the first quarter of the year 2006. This includes the fierce battle of the hostile takeover by Netherlands based Mittal Steel of Luxembourg based Arcelor. This hostile bidThis hostile bid for takeover was put forth by Mittal Steel to Arcelor for taking over the latter at a consideration of US $ 22.4 billion and this bid was made on the 27th January 2006. This takeover once completed would result in an aggregate sale of seventy billion US dollars and ten percent of the world steel production. This also means that the combined production of the new company would be three times more than that of the closest competitor Nippon Steel Corporation of Japan. After the merger the new entity would provide employment for 320,000 people. The operations of the new company would spread over four continents of the world. The company would also expand its market to the United States where there is a high potential for growth. This would also entail the new company commendable bargaining power and economies of scale. From the following table, one can observe the size and magnitude of the takeover bid made by Mittal Steel Source: The Hindu. Business Line Newspaper Dated 1st February 2007 3.0 A BACKGROUND: A brief background of the Buyer (Mittal Steel) and the Target (Arcelor S.A.) is presented below: Mittal Steel N.V: Head Quartered in Rotterdam/London 225,000 employees Steelmaking facilities in 16 countries Customers in 120 countries Shipped 49.2m tons in 2005 Revenues of $28.1bn in 2005 (Breaking News Article 2006) While production of steel of various kinds is the main activity, the Mittal Steel is presently operating in countries like United States, Mexico, Trinidad, Canada, Germany and France. Specialisation of Mittal

THE FASCINATION WITH RAY BAN SUNGLASSES Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE FASCINATION WITH RAY BAN SUNGLASSES - Article Example The only similarity they have is their same look in all Aviator sunglasses. The Wayfarer was also originally designed for pilots but gained more popularity amongst women. It is available in various colors like black, white, pink, red etc. Both Aviators and Wayfarers are made from various types of lenses amongst which the commonly used are polarized lenses which are beneficial for drivers (Ray Ban Aviator sunglasses: timeless fashion 2012). Ray Ban is a popular brand in the current time because the brand products are made of highest quality material thus providing excellent vision. Ray-Ban sunglasses while providing protection and comfort to eyes also looks very fashionable and stylish. Apart from Aviator and Wayfarers Ray-Ban offers various collection of eyeglasses catering to different needs of customers of all age groups. All its products are designed keeping contemporary fashion trends in mind. Ray-Ban products may be expensive but are high quality glasses. They protect eyes against harsh UV rays, are long lasting and look trendy too. The products offer excellent transmission of light through anti-reflective lenses which provide protection from all harmful rays (Evans and Berman 2003). The reason for popularity of Ray-Ban sunglasses worldwide is the brand’s consistent efforts in updating the style while maintaining the retro appeal of their products. Ray-Ban understands the need of getting closer to their consumers which helps them know their needs thus designing the products accordingly. One more technical feature of Ray-Ban sunglasses which makes it popular worldwide is the use of polarized lenses in its products. Polarized lenses provide glare protection as well as precise and sharp vision. The sunglasses are made of carbon fiber which makes them durable, light weight, comfortable and flexible for whole day wear. Ray-Ban sunglasses are thus one of the most trendy and stylish products providing best eye

Women in boardroom Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in boardroom - Assignment Example Some of the perceptual distortions include stereotyping, self fulfilled prophecies, halo-effect, projection and the perceptual defense. Most of these problems arise due to selectivity that exists within the perceptual process. Stereotyping and self fulfilled prophecies are the biggest challenges that decay the majority of the societies (Mullins, 2008).   Stereotyping is the hypothetical judgment of people whether negatively or positively based on generalization from some perceived similarities. This perception arises based on an expected characteristic from that person rather than the actual recognition of the person. Stereotyping occasionally simplifies the perception process by judging people and the general outlook of the world by ignoring the complexity of the stimuli. A person is judged according to the group which he or she belongs to. Prejudgments are usually done while ignoring the accuracy or deviation of the actual subject (Mullins, 2008).   Self fulfilled prophecy also termed as Pygmalion effect; in essence means trying to valid a perception. Many people are often struggling to confirm a theory that they have invented. The people’s beliefs and expectations often influence their attitudes and behavior in a move to prove that their beliefs are actually true. Managers’ expectations organizations have a strong impact on the employees. Therefore, an organizational culture can influence or hinder the development of its employees (Mullins, 2008).   The organization plays a big role in fostering personal development of employees especially women. The organization’s beliefs and structure can highly determine the outcome of the employees. One of the factors that can change the employee’s personal development is the organizational culture. A negative organizational climate will hinder the development of women. If an organization frequently encourages their

THE FASCINATION WITH RAY BAN SUNGLASSES Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE FASCINATION WITH RAY BAN SUNGLASSES - Article Example The only similarity they have is their same look in all Aviator sunglasses. The Wayfarer was also originally designed for pilots but gained more popularity amongst women. It is available in various colors like black, white, pink, red etc. Both Aviators and Wayfarers are made from various types of lenses amongst which the commonly used are polarized lenses which are beneficial for drivers (Ray Ban Aviator sunglasses: timeless fashion 2012). Ray Ban is a popular brand in the current time because the brand products are made of highest quality material thus providing excellent vision. Ray-Ban sunglasses while providing protection and comfort to eyes also looks very fashionable and stylish. Apart from Aviator and Wayfarers Ray-Ban offers various collection of eyeglasses catering to different needs of customers of all age groups. All its products are designed keeping contemporary fashion trends in mind. Ray-Ban products may be expensive but are high quality glasses. They protect eyes against harsh UV rays, are long lasting and look trendy too. The products offer excellent transmission of light through anti-reflective lenses which provide protection from all harmful rays (Evans and Berman 2003). The reason for popularity of Ray-Ban sunglasses worldwide is the brand’s consistent efforts in updating the style while maintaining the retro appeal of their products. Ray-Ban understands the need of getting closer to their consumers which helps them know their needs thus designing the products accordingly. One more technical feature of Ray-Ban sunglasses which makes it popular worldwide is the use of polarized lenses in its products. Polarized lenses provide glare protection as well as precise and sharp vision. The sunglasses are made of carbon fiber which makes them durable, light weight, comfortable and flexible for whole day wear. Ray-Ban sunglasses are thus one of the most trendy and stylish products providing best eye

Implementation of Magnet Environment in RMH Essay

Implementation of Magnet Environment in RMH - Essay Example There have been frequent changes in management due to poor working conditions and a high turnover of nurses. This has led to discontinuities in the style of management which changes as often as the managers do. Each new manager comes with a new style to which the supporting personnel have to adjust. This has impacted negatively on staff morale and has resulted in a high attrition rate. The result is a high patient to nurse ratio and therefore increased responsibilities for nurses. This has affected the quality of care given to patients and has led to high rates of mortality. Keenan and Kennedy (2003) indicate that the health outcome is much better when the patient to nurse ratio is low. This finding supports studies done by others including Aiken et al (2002) which indicates that patient outcomes are linked to nurse patient ratio and the number of registered nurses. The chain of command represents the structure of the organization. The lines of authority and responsibility are determ ined by the chain of command. It also determines the flow of communication and therefore the flow of information throughout the organization. A clear chain of command is important for efficient and effective management of any operation and the same applies to the operations of RMH hospital. The appropriate channels for vertical communication in RMH are affected and so problems and complaints are not dealt with because the nurses do not know who to report to. It therefore means that patients are not dealt with in the appropriate manner and so the problems keep piling up with no resolution in sight. There is no organized method of communication at RMH and so policies and directives cannot be enforced because there is no one to perform that role. Decisions are being made by persons who do not have direct contact with patients and therefore do not know what the real problems are. There is no proper supervision because there is not enough staff to go around in order for the job of patien t care to run smoothly. This has helped to increase the stress levels of nurses who have to deal with problems by themselves. There is inadequate information flow at RMH because of problems relating to the chain of command. Management is continually changing and new management normally takes some time to learn about the organization. It therefore means that problems cannot be dealt with as they should because the nurses on the ground have more than they can handle. Political/Economic Elements The role of nurse administration is fundamental to the operations of RMH. All departments depend on administrative and other support functions to provide records, supplies and carry out regular housekeeping services. Even though the nurses role appears to be and is really very critical the support and cooperation of the other departments is fundamental. The absence of interdisciplinary relationships in RMH is the root cause of some of the problems that currently exist. Critical care procedures are difficult to carry out because of this problem. This has affected both the structure and expertise of RMH ICU. This problem is coupled with the fact that RMH is the largest tertiary care military hospital in Saudi Arabia and is therefore always under pressure to admit patients who are critically ill. However, patients who are

How to Read Literature Study Questions Essay Example for Free

How to Read Literature Study Questions Essay How to Read Literature Like a Professor Summer Reading Questions 1. A Faustian bargain is more commonly known as a deal with the devil. In a Faustian bargain the protagonist is often offered something that he or she wants, but with a price: he or she must give up his or her soul. It appears constantly in literature in many different forms. Faustian bargains are present throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest because of all the bets McMurphy makes. He goes into the ward knowing about the big Nurse’s power, and basically convinces the patients to follow him in her overthrow. Their price, however, is the risk of being sent to the Disturbed Ward and receiving electro shock treatment or even a lobotomy. In this way, McMurphy can be seen as a satanic figure, who convinces confused and scared patients to bargain what is left of their sanity to take over a Nurse who has ten times more control over their fate. 2. The grammar of literature is what Foster describes as the reader knowing the structure and rules of literature. He says they are a â€Å"set of conventions and patterns, codes and rules† that each reader learns and utilizes as they are reading. They recognize the structure of a paragraph and a sentence and know how to interpret what is on the page in front of them. The reader learns over time this grammar of literature, and he or she develops his or her own way to read and interpret a text. Readers learn the structure of an essay and thus can anticipate with each sentence what is coming next; it is so ingrained in their heads that it comes naturally. We know that a paragraph introduces a topic, gives examples, and then relates those examples back to the initial topic. In this way, the reader has developed a grammar of literature and reading. 3. Professors use symbols and patterns in a multitude of ways in order to interpret a text. Professors of literature, given their extensive memory and knowledge of literature itself, are bound to recognize the patterns and symbols in nearly every text and relate it to another. They read and think symbolically, meaning they recognize everything as a symbol or something of importance until they realize it’s not employed as a symbol. They constantly question everything in a text in order to find the deeper meaning. They see things as they actually exist, but then also look at the same thing to represent something more substantial. Professors are also more adapted to recognize patterns in literature, meaning they see within the detail the patterns it reveals. They are able to look beyond the actual story with the plot and the characters and see the patterns the author has implemented. They are able to recognize which elements are actually substantial enough to aid the work and the plot, and which ones are just detail. Their ability to distance themselves from the work is what makes them able to recognize the symbols and patterns that a regular reader may not recognize in a work. 4. There are five characteristics to a quest. First, there must be a quester. Next, that quester must have a place to go. Third, he or she must have a stated reason to go there. Fourth, there must be challenges and trials during the journey. Lastly, there must be a real reason to go to the place. Usually, the quester doesn’t know it is an actual â€Å"quest†. The real reason for the quest is the most important, and usually has nothing to do with the actual, stated reason. 5. The usual reason behind a quest is self-knowledge. Quests are often educational and provide the quester with a learning experience that aids their self-discovery. The reason for the quester’s youth and immaturity often has something to do with why they are on a quest, and what they end up learning. The only subject that truly matters on a quest is himself or herself. 6. Our questers: McMurphy, Doctor Spivey, and the twelve patients that join them. A place to go: The patients all leave the hospital for a lake to go on a fishing trip. A stated reason to go there: McMurphy wants to teach the boys how to fish and spend some time outdoors. Challenges and trials: The patients first face trouble when they don’t have a signed release form to be allowed to go on the boat, so the captain refuses to take them. McMurphy then takes the captain back to his office to make some phone calls to sort out the problem. While this happens, the other dock boys start heckling Candy, and the patients, not used to seeing others outside of the hospital, don’t stick up for her and defend themselves. They are not used to having enough confidence to stand up for themselves, since they have never had to, and McMurphy is the only one with enough confidence to yell at the dock boys. Next, the men struggle on the boat when trying to catch fish. None of them know how to reel in a line, and McMurphy is too busy with Candy to help them. So, they have to learn for themselves how to catch the fish and wrestle it on their own. The real reason to go: the fishing trip marks an important change in all of the patients. They come back even more bonded together than they were before, and full of confidence and personality. They come back and are confident enough to yell back at the dock boys, and even start sharing real, hearty laughs. It teaches all of them that if you try hard enough, you will get what you want. It also made them less afraid of the real world, and made them appreciate what was on the outside. 7. In the real world, breaking bread together is an act of sharing and peace, since if you’re breaking bread you’re not breaking heads†. 8. A meal scene is almost always symbolic because they are so difficult and boring to write. If a writer puts in a detailed meal scene, it must have some symbolic value since meals are almost never of real importance in a story. The writer must have a pretty good reason to include one in his or her story. The meal scene often has to deal with the relationships, good or bad, between characters, and often offer a turning point or pivotal change in the story during said meal. The typical meal scene is so mundane that for it to be included in a story and take up a lot of writing, it definitely has to have symbolic value. 9. According to Foster, eating in literature may represent a number of things. Firstly, it can represent communion, coming together, and getting along. A meal scene is written to show how characters are getting along or not getting along. It also can be used to form a bond, to find something in common between one character and another. It is a moment and a form of trust. Meal scenes that go wrong are also written for a purpose. Comradeship† at the table is important to convey in a meal scene, whether it is good or bad. The meal scene is vital in portraying the communion of life. 10. A positive communion scene occurs in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest on the last night McMurphy is in the ward. They bring in some wine and open up the drug closet, and have a good time in the ward with no one on duty. It has symbolic meaning becau se it is one of the few times the patients have an actual fun time together, they bond and realize that life is too short to not have fun. They enjoy being free of stress and restraints and for once feel like real people again. 11. A negative communion happens in Beloved when Paul D comes to visit 124. He comes and visits Sethe and Denver, both of whom he hasn’t seen in many years and wishes to reconnect with them. However, Paul D’s presence makes Denver uncomfortable and left out. Sethe and Paul D sit down for a meal, and Denver feels alienated. No one comes to their house often, and when someone she doesn’t know comes in who takes her mother’s attention away from her, she is clearly angered. On top of that, Beloved decides to frighten them even more. She suddenly shakes the house to the point where everyone has to duck and cover, and frightens Paul D. She decides to make the communion negative and show symbolically her disgust and hatred for unwelcome men. 12. There are a couple essentials to a vampire story. First, there is an older figure (typically the â€Å"vampire†) that is alluring, dangerous, and representing corrupt values. This older figure then focuses on young, beautiful, innocent women, who are often virginal. This vampire then strips away her youth, her innocence, and corrupts her. When he gets her, he himself grows younger and even more alive than before. His energy is renewed and his life continues, while hers is sucked away as she becomes more like him. Since he has taken her virtue, her death and or destruction become inevitable. And most times, the motive often has to do with sex. 13. There are a lot of things other than literal vampirism that vampires and ghosts represent in literature. They can represent selfishness, exploitation, and refusal to respect autonomy. The ghost of Hamlet’s father is there to point out a problem, rather than just be a fright. Edward Hyde represents the dark side of every man. Vampires and ghosts don’t even have to be literal to represent something. They don’t have to appear in visible forms to be considered a vampire or ghost. They are put in a story to scare, haunt, and frighten people, but also to point out problems, teach a lesson, and protect a character. In Beloved, the ghost of Sethe’s murdered daughter embodies the spirit of Beloved as if she were alive. She haunts Sethe’s home and serves as a reminder of what she did. She can be seen as allegorical, as she represents the past haunting the present as a lesson and reminder of the crime Sethe committed. The relationship between Beloved and Sethe is complicated and often an unhappy one. Beloved’s presence is often destructive to Sethe, Denver, and their home. She creates instability in their household as well as within both women of the house. Though she is dead, she is ever-present, and helps develop the characters of Sethe, Denver, and Paul D. She represents pain and misfortune, but also guidance and hope. 14. Paul Berlin, the protagonist in Going After Cacciato, embodies an author’s â€Å"creative process† in many ways. His story is compiled from many other stories, meaning that all the stories ever written all stem from one story.

Theories of Organizational Behaviour

Theories of Organizational Behaviour Introduction Organization is an influential association or society processing towards the identified target expecting positive outcomes through the specific mission and vision. Each organization is consisting of two main systems, named as technical and social. Technical System regards the way supplies and services proceed and Social system is the employees are organized, trained and consulted. Balance between the technical and the social systems determine the final outcome. Accomplished, flexible and dedicated people are obligatory to facilitate the organization to achieve improved performance. Commonplace industry climate is amplified with the fast modifications and violent competition. It is well-known truth; happy workers who work in the peaceful and supportive environment play the vital role behind any success business story in the todays point of view. Especially in todays context, Organization is seldom succeeded, exclusive of the physically powerful study of organizational behavior because employee job satisfaction is adding extra weighed averaged force to drive the company towards its correct direction reducing the friction occurred due to hostile competition and the complicated employee movements. 1.2 Importance/significance of the organization behavior Recruitment interviews hardly determine the employees attitudes over the assign work as well as the behavior within the working environment. Therefore, Organization Behavior is the most significant measuring tool which helps the Managers to evaluate employee capacities and interactions within their departments. Smooth handling of social system is vital to maintain the quality production. It is not that easy to preserve the peaceful social environment without identifying the attitude and behavior of the people who work for the organization. Todays organizations are frequently tolerated with variable demands, experiencing surprising mutations, and unrest changes in each moment. In this situations, Smart and quick management changes will help and leadership will be more effective to face Screening organization as stopped up system is no longer valid, it is necessity to treat it as a live organized system sharing the resources and the metabolites each other. Organization Behavior assists to keep the institution alive through the globalization. Since organization is a social system, relationships are crucial to the organization for their popularity. Improving quality and productivity solely depends on the positive relationships of the organizations. 1.3 Although, Organization Behavior associates several components this article is restricted for only following four areas. Literature Revive According to the definition, Organization behavior is a study and application of awareness concerning how individuals and groups act in organization. Mainly, Organization behavior can be separated in to two main processes for easy understands. Formal Organization Behavior Each and every employee undergoes with certain law and order towards carried out their duties. Controlling professional movement by applied regulations and condition is known as formal organizational behavior. Example arrival and departure times, leave criterias, uniform requirements etc. Formal organizational behavior helps to keep the organization in correct track but it does enough to produce effective and quality service generating significance. Informal Organization Behavior Informal Organization Behavior that have to do with interactions or relationships among employees in the organization forming a group to give their selves of belongingness and oneness. Informal Organization Behavior is critical and essential for the success. Although workers who work under one roof aiming one direction, they came from different environmental strata. In this situation, organization environment must be employee friendly to motivate all as one team. Organization Behavior is practical behavioral science; it is built upon the contribution from a number of behavioral disciplines such as such as Psychology, Sociology, Social Psychology, Anthropology, etc. Common role of the above mentioned sciences is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. 4.1 Leadership All the organizations are driven with a desire to achieve a set of goals. Any organization without a goal will not survive in the present context or simply may not be considered as an organization. Once the goals are set or agreed upon its very important to motivate, supervise, innovate new ideas and make necessary changes in the organization to accomplish them. There are several changes take place in every moment and one may have to adapt different approaches to keep the goals alive. A strong leadership is one of the most significant factors that help to become successful. Good leader should be able to get the maximum service from everybody while providing them a self satisfaction. He should be a person that others could rely upon. Unexpected situations may arise suddenly in any place. Natural disasters, economical hardships, and illnesses are some to be mentioned as some examples. The leadership should take corrective measures instantly to face such changes. The leadership provided by the work foreman during the last years disaster in coal mine in Chile was a good example for such an unexpected situation. His goal was to look after the day to day activities of the mine. But when they faced a situation that had to struggle for life he quickly led everybody to achieve that. He provided them with necessary organizational structure for long survival with whatever the foods available at that moment. He kept everybodys moral and they ended up in success at the end as the group that survived in such a depth in ground for the longest period 4.2 Group behaviour Positive organizational behaviour is essential for an organization to achieve their goals. Understanding the individual and group behaviour is key part of it. The groups attitudes, communication systems, different personalities, abilities (skills), virtues and leadership qualities affect the working capacity of the organization. The managerial structure and the leaders of the organization should identify all these aspects in order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of their workers. The strengths need praises and improvements. Weaknesses should be address promptly with positive approach. Recently most of the government and private sector organizations have started to train new batches of workers together for sometime. This will improve the inter relationships of group members and when they start to work it eases the communication barriers. They tend to work as a group rather than trying their individual skills. The army and other security forces apply the same principals while training small groups for specific targets. They have shown utmost success in this process during the war situations. Sri Lanka is one of the countries with lot of disputes among professionals in health sector. This has become an unpleasant experience to the general public. One of the proposed solutions to overcome this is to train the entire health professional in a single institute as a single group at the beginning. They do things together; learn together for some time developing special bonds among them. Then the various groups will divert in to different training process depending on their requirements and they will have different exit points. Still they will have the opportunity to get together when ever there are common learning and teaching goals. This will minimize the disputes and fighting among them in future while practicing their professions. 4.3 Training and Development The technology, approach, culture and requirements of people change gradually. Even though the changes may not be readily visible they take place in slow pace. The early pick up of these changes and making necessary changes would upgrade the organizations to a leader in the society. Constant training of the workers on the newer developments in the field of technology, especially things like equipments and information technology will keep the organization updated. The one who achieve this goal will ultimately become the winner. The world is facing an uphill task in managing the fossil fuels. The available fossil fuel level is going down and the demand is sky rocketing daily. Various countries are taking different approaches to control the situation. India, China and Korea came forward with small fuel efficient vehicles and now they have become the market leaders ahead of European and Japanese auto makers. The changes are coming in the field of education too. The curricular in universities and schools are changing gradually. The teaching methods are reaching in to different era. More teaching is done with the help of information technology. The face to face teacher student sessions are being replaced with other activities. The students are able to obtain degree and post graduate qualifications online. 4.4 Change of management Change management is an accepted concept in organizations. It will bring forward several changes into an organization to achieve future targets. The mission, vision, leadership, technology, attitude, planning and personal changes have to take place in order to face the current and future challengers. Especially organizations targeting the market need to keep a vigilant eye on the trends. Accurate prediction of their market share and how to improve from the present situation depend on the success of the changes that were adapted. It is very important to monitor the changes applied as to see whether they are reaching towards the set goal. It will be wasting of money and resources if a proper monitoring process is not there to do so. Recent research in to the most demanding jobs in the world revealed that the seven out of ten of the most demanding jobs were not listed as jobs a decade ago. No one had predicted that such a demand will arise for unknown jobs in ten years time. This shows the available scope for the management change to take place in society.

Compare and Contrast: Passage 1: Description of Tom, Passage 2: Gatsby

Compare and Contrast: Passage 1: Description of Tom, Passage 2: Gatsby seen The first passage is a description of Tom. He is portrayed as strongly built: "It was a body capable of enormous leverage-a cruel body." He also seems to be a brutal an supercilious man. Words as "arrogant", "sturdy", "gruff" and "husky" create a mood around him which is quite unpleasant. This description is very objective and we get a clear picture of what Tom looks like. We are also given a description of Tom's voice as being "...a gruff, husky tenor..." The other passage is not really a description of Mr Gatsby, but rather an occasion which he fits into. The description we are given about Gatsby is much more unclear than that of Tom. The night makes the atmosphere more mysterious around Gatsby. Here words as "night", "trembling", "silhouette" and "dark" set the theme of the passage. There is a clear contrast in the themes between the two passages. In the first one 'day' or 'light' can be said to be a theme in comparison to the 'night' or 'darkness' in the other. Even though the description of Tom is quite objective, the sunshine and clearness has a high symbolic importance to the passage and makes it more of a contrast to the other passage. This sunshine could be there because Tom is an antagonist in the novel, thus his description should not be complicated as, for example Gatsby's. Thereby he is connected to unambiguousness, whereas Gatsby is connected to darkness and implying that his character will be revealed later on. The sunshine which is connected to Tom could mean that his character is exposed and open for everyone to look at. This could be connected to that his characteristics are those of a fascist prototype... ...asting themes are day and night and the tone and the techniques are based around these themes. The techniques are quite different in the two passages; in Toms there are many negative words and his body is personified as "cruel". In Gatsby's passage there are more words connected to obscurity and Gatsby is not at all illustrated negatively. The techniques create two contrasting moods in the two passages. Tom's passage is more simple and it is not as interesting to read as Gatsby's passage. Tom's passage is almost unpleasant to read because one could almost think he is a monster by his account. The tone in Gatsby's passage is more calm. The presence of the night makes everything more subjective and abstract. A potential effect of this is that the reader will feel more comfortable with this passage. Things connected to the night are usually more interesting.

Rabbit Proof Fence Speech Essay

Assessment Task- ) Good morning class, today I will tell you why it is extremely important for students to study texts that represent a variety of cultures. The films I have deconstructed to convey my points are â€Å"Bend it like Beckham†, directed by Gurinder Chadha and â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence†, directed by Phillip Noyce. The cultural concepts explained in these movies are the early 1900s British culture and how dominant and cruel they were, the aboriginal Australians and how they were treated badly, the Indian culture and how much their traditions matter to them and the modern British culture which is carefree. These texts are important to study as they give us a better rounded, less biased education as students can be taught to understand and accept people are different and learn how different cultures were treated throughout history. It is important that we study films from a variety of cultures because students nowadays need to understand and accept that people are different. This is shown in a scene in the Rabbit Proof Fence where Mise en scene, there is the aboriginal tracker on the horse approaching the English man in the car when they had attempted to flank the girls. Technology defines this world and the huge step up from animal to machine shows a great difference in culture and should be noted. The film technique of aerial helicopter views greatly shows how much the aboriginal spirit birds mean to them and their culture as this signalled the bird watching over them and protecting. This is in contrast to most shots of the â€Å"dominant white males† being angled up at them to show their power and how their desire is to be the dominant race. This is a terrible attitude and students must learn that all people are equal and studying films designed to give empathy to the victims is a good way to teach that. Another difference in culture that is shown in a film is in Bend it Like Beckham when all the soccer girls are in the change room and one of the girls questions jess on â€Å"how she can stand getting married to someone just cause you are told to by your parents†. Jess responds with â€Å"it’s just culture†. Students need to learn that people and their cultures are different and I believe that watching films with people with cultures that are ever so different, living side by side, will better students and give them a sounder less biased education. Films that show a variety of cultures, I believe should be taught to students because i t help  students to have a better historical understanding of how people have been treated. This is important as student must learn from the mistakes of our elders who in the past have treated some cultures with total disrespect. The movie rabbit proof gives us a good insight into the way the aboriginal culture was poorly treated in the early 1900s. The film technique of a shot angled up at the protector, as he is talking to Molly when the two first meet, portrays the emotions of fear, hatred and hopelessness as there isn’t much Molly can do to him. This film techniques shows the fear and helpless ness of the aboriginals who in the past were treated very horribly by the British. Students should study films like this because it helps open their eyes to how people were treated in the past, These two reasons is why I believe that students must be taught films that represent a variety of cultures. Using the films Bend it Like Beckham and Rabbit Proof Fence I have provided examples as to how they can be useful. These movies can teach students to be more accepting of other cultures and teach them how some cultures were treated in the past. Thank you everyone for listening and I hope you’ve considered what I’ve said.

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay

Acknowledgement We want to acknowledge our parents for participating and helping us to conduct a questionnaire in the state institutions in Astana. Also we would like to thank Saltanat – secretary of head of government – for distribution of questionnaires among respondents and operate actions in delivering results to Almaty. Abstract Nowadays the issue of languages is one of the most actual, disputable. That is why government tries to improve the conditions of state language. This year new law was created; it states that all documentations must be written in Kazakh. This change cause many disputes and discussions and becomes more popular. As an actual issue this problem was chosen by the authors of research. The research question: what is the viewpoint of Astana citizens to establishment of unique state language in office work? Research objectives are to inquire into views of people to this law, find the advantages and disadvantages of change, to define the impact of transition on the process of work. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: people would have negative point of view on the establishment. In order to achieve more efficiency the instrument of survey design – questionnaire – was chosen. It was conducted among 20 people – the inhabitants of Astana – who work in the state institutions, because change of language in the office work impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was used, because authors chose merely closest persons as respondents. At the base of results of questionnaire it was found that 70% of people have positive, 25% neutral, 5% negative attitude to the change. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors’ hypothesis was not justified: it was defined that people have positive viewpoint on the establishment, also there is no almost any difficulties connected with the change and it does not impact on the process and quality of the work. I. Introduction A. Reasons for Undertaking Research For almost 300 years Kazakhstan was under the pressure of neighbour Russia, so since it was happened our cultural wealth began to eradicate. Language was almost lost, and nobody knew what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and developing country – Soviet Union – fell to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year there were born new countries. And Kazakhstan was not exception. Like a newborn baby, country started to do its first steps. In this way new constitution was created. â€Å"Kazakh is a state language, and Russian is official† says the constitution of Kazakhstan. But this year new law took place: â€Å"since 2007 year all documentations must be in Kazakh†, it states. But is the country with only half Kazakh-speaking inhabitancies ready to this change, how the multinational population will react to it? This is our issue. The government made a decision, but can we manage with it? Only 1000 civil servants of 5000 can speak Kazakh in advance or can do office work in it, documentation nowadays executes in Russian and only after that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to ask a question: what will follow after this establishment? Consequences may be different but more obvious thing that there will be many difficulties because of unknowing language. With this poor condition the procedure of work will delay, consequently, the standards, the value of work will decrease. The change of language of office work will lead to discrimination of not Kazakh-speaking population. Because of this it’s important to investigate this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made: the attitude of major population of Astana has negative point of view on this change of language of office work in Kazakh. B. Research Methods In order to achieve more efficiency from research survey is using here. To investigate exact attitudes of people the work need statistics, numerical data, also the viewpoints, position, suggestions of Astana people must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to attain the most systematically organized point here. Also questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of people and situation in the country, quantitative method will be helpful. The data and facts that they will give may help to solve partly our problem. As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may give new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this area, specific questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the exact point of view of people and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first one is written in order to investigate social status of people and give demographic data. The second section’s aim is to ascertain the attitude of the person to the establishment of unique state language in the office work. The questionnaire was held on the period 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 people working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The type of the research was primary, convenience technique was used. Ð ¡. Research Structure The research paper is divided into the six following chapters: Introduction – this part of the research presents brief description of the research, reasons for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature — this part of the research is dedicated to information that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique language in the office work. Field research results – is a descriptive part of work, where authors should give only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. Analysis and discussion – in this part of research paper all information presented before will be analyzed and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion – authors make a summary of the research paper. Bibliography – sources that were used in writing research. Appendices – include the questionnaire paper and interview paper. II. Literature review A. Historical background of Kazakh language The gold book of history of Kazakhs includes following pages: at the beginning of XVIII century west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during next hundred years all regions of country wholly became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power: they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses were built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. Russian-speaking people started to immigrate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization policy and active exchange of culture, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995). After formation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the discrimination of all nations with their culture and language that existed on the territory of USSR took place. Politics of state was the creation of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the world the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. Following 70 years lead to the almost wholly losing of native language. As an example of it in 1954 when virgin land started to build up 640.000 people from other countries of Union came to KazSSR. As a consequence of it new educational establishments were built, but with this immigration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children stayed without needed education. Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the life of our â€Å"guests†. With this problem of eradication of folk wealth faced not only Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, especially Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etc (Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young independent Republic of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data: according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is equal to 14,952 million people: 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time about 3 million Kazakhs do not know their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kazakh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004). B. Status of Kazakh language nowadays With getting sovereignty in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to raise its national wealth. So, the new constitution from 30th August of 1995, in the 7th article of the first part (general provisions) of it states: â€Å"1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan.† (Constitution of RK, 1995). C. Problems and discussions on the issue According to B. Omarov (2005) – the head of Committee on problems of language of Ministry of information, culture and sport – in correspondents of State programme of function and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the president of RK from 07.02.2001 â„â€"550 in all regions of republic conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the base of schedule of stagely translation of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In accordance to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully translation of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been appeared problems of discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people in the country. Nowadays majority of people ask question, such â€Å"what this change will lead to?† According to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a strong sense of disquiet among many of the country’s ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has turned a familiar country into an alien one, and has left them as second-class citizens in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will possibly grow gap between Kazakhstan’s Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise not to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change of language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do – to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that world experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of independent country. Our main aim is to raise the status of using Kazakh on the level of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They claim that the wealth that our ancestors gave to people should be kept. But there are some opposite points of view on this theme. Some non-Kazakh parts of population of RK think that government tries to slowly eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) – the representative of RK in UNESCO – thinks that republic is not yet ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should prepare the fundament, prepare people – to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the studying deeply and efficiently the language. At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was given from budget, nevertheless, there are no results. The minister culture and information – Y. Ertisbaev (2006) – he offers to make social polls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. Summary Thus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very strong; they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem play role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the near future. III. Field research (Questionnaire results) A. General information The research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astana’s citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to obtain useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, given questionnaire was conducted by researches. The field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the reader comfortably find useful information (indirect data – common information, direct – specific material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have full-time work place, have been asked by researches. Target population of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are female and 9 are male. As respondents were the closest available people, convenience sampling was used. B. Demographic (indirect) data At the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into four parts: 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From chart 1 it can be seen that the level of knowing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people: [pic] Researches have investigated that 50 per cent of people know Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, while 90 % of people know Russian in advance and 10% colloquially. Table 1 shows the percentage degree of people who knows foreign languages and what are that languages. |Language |Percentage | |English |25% | |German |25% | |Belarusian |5% | |Don’t know other language |45% | Table 1. The quarter part speaks English, another Germany, while 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have high education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly communicate with each other: [pic] Half of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a member of join-stock company. C. Attitudes of people (direct data) The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. [pic] 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh, while 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. |Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh | |Faced |60% | |Don’t faced |40% | From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2 From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% through mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. |Kinds of |Percentage | |Spreading of info | | |Relatives |20% | |Friends |18.2% | |Mass-media |15.6% | |At work |36.4% | |Other |3.2% | |Don’t know about this law |6.6% | Table 3. It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. |The influence on work |Percentage | |No |50% | |Yes |5% | |Do not know |5% | |Do not give answers |40% | Table 4 It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare personnel to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have mentioned such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers. To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10% preferred do not mention any suggestions. The majority of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers improve the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be executed gradually. Another 20% have demonstrated desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the authority of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, vice versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh. D. Summary In spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a lack of preparing courses, but people disposed well. IV. Analysis and discussion Univariate analysis The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis stated that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher than Kazakh: 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all. In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part – 85% – of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the majority people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main target of given work was to find the viewpoint of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency distribution we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh | |Frequency |% |Valid % |Cum % | |Positive |14 |70 |70 |70 | |Neutral |5 |25 |25 |95 | |Negative |1 |5 |5 |100 | |Total |20 |100 |100 | | More than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show opposite thing: main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its’ efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs; possibly, this is a reason of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not other ch oice. Topic is very sensitive and both sides – Kazakh and not-Kazakh people – know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them similar: someone is for raising the status of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. Already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on international arena. People, by understanding it, should improve state language, by not disturbing official language. So, also, based on the results of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change , but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language. This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a nuance: for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is right? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive: government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme. Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking measures as preparing personnel through the course, making privilege to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue: for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it: the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorities are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or learning Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving. V. Conclusion The research question of present work is â€Å"what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan?† By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made: the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken: majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortunately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh: people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated: to develop the base of preparing and teaching people. 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